According to the charity Adoption UK there are nearly 3,000 children in care waiting to be adopted, and as charities seek to raise awareness of this during National Adoption week (17-23 October 2022), employers may get questions about employment rights related to adoption.
Family-friendly employment rights support employees adopting looked-after children, as well as children adopted through surrogacy arrangements or from overseas. Although employment rights for adopting parents have lagged behind those of a biological mother, adopting parents now have broadly the same entitlement to leave, pay and legal protection.
Who is entitled to adoption employment rights?
An employee may be adopting on their own, with a spouse, civil partner or in an unmarried couple, whether same or different sex. In a case where two people have been matched jointly, one has to be elected to be the child’s “adopter” for the purpose of the Paternity and Adoption leave Regulations 2002.
Adoption employment rights apply to:
- parents adopting through a surrogacy arrangement and to whom a court has granted a parental order; and
- parents adopting through the ‘fostering for adoption’ scheme.
A slightly different framework applies to parents adopting from overseas.
Stepparents adopting a stepchild and employees who adopt through private arrangements, rather than through an agency, are not entitled to most adoption employment rights, although they may be entitled to ordinary parental leave and time off for a dependant.
Adoption appointments
Adoption involves numerous appointments and employees and agency workers are allowed time off work to attend adoption appointments arranged by an adoption agency (including a local authority).
The adopter may take paid time off to attend five appointments, up to 6.5 hours off each time. The partner of the adopter can take unpaid time off for two appointments.
Adoption leave
The adopter is entitled to 52 weeks’ adoption leave. This is a ‘day-one’ right, meaning there is no minimum period of employment required however there is still a need for the adopter to give notice to the employer. The leave can start up to 14 days before the child is expected to be placed with the employee.
The rules set out how to determine if an employee has enough service to qualify for paid leave.
Keeping-in-touch days
During adoption or shared parental leave, employees can attend up to 10 paid keeping-in-touch days with the employer, but there is no obligation on either the employee to do so or for the employer to agree to them.
Statutory adoption pay
To be entitled to 39 weeks’ statutory adoption pay, the employee’s weekly pay must be above a minimum threshold (currently £123 before tax) and they must have worked for their employer for 26 weeks.
The first six weeks are paid at 90% of average pay and at the statutory rate for the remaining 33 weeks (currently £156.66) if this is higher than 90% of average pay. There are specific rules for calculating average pay.
Rights for adopting couples
If adopting in a couple, one parent must be the primary adopter for purposes of adoption leave and pay. The other adopter may take two weeks’ statutory paternity leave provided that they have worked for their employer for 26 weeks. The partner would give up the right to paternity leave if they took paid time off work to attend adoption appointments.
After the first two weeks of adoption leave, an eligible partner of an adopter can share the parental leave. The eligibility and notice rules are complicated. Please get in touch if you receive a request to share parental leave.
Rights during and at the end of leave
Employees on adoption or shared parental leave are entitled to the same benefits under their contract of employment, other than their contractual pay. Holiday pay continues to accrue.
Employees have the right to return to the same job after taking adoption or shared parental leave. In some circumstances, you do not have to hold their job open for them, but you must ensure that they return to a suitable job on no less favourable terms. Please get in touch if keeping the employee’s job open is looking difficult.
Protection from detriment and dismissal
Pregnant women and women who have just given birth are protected from discrimination, but there is no equivalent protection for adopters. Otherwise, adopters have similar protection. Employees are protected from being subjected to a detriment because of taking adoption leave or attending an adoption appointment.
Employees are protected from being selected for redundancy because they take adoption or shared parental leave. If you are looking at redundancies, be aware that employees who are out of the workplace on adoption or shared parental leave have special protection. These employees should be prioritised for any suitable, alternative vacancies if they are at risk of being made redundant. If this is missed, the redundancy dismissal could be automatically unfair.
A couple of years ago, the Government announced proposals to extend this period of protection for six months after the return to work. This appears to have slipped off the agenda.
Other family-friendly rights
Adopting parents also have the right to parental leave and for time off for dependants. Both types of leave are unpaid. Parental leave allows an employee with one year’s service to take up to 18 weeks’ off to care for a child under the age of 18. Employees may also take reasonable time off to make alternative arrangements if childcare is unexpectedly disrupted or to deal with an emergency relating to a dependant, including an adopted child.
How we can help
We can help you avoid employment tribunal claims and ensure that your employees feel supported in balancing their work and family commitments. Please contact the employment team on 01733 882800 or email [email protected].
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